Describe the effects of aging on musculoskeletal function.

QUESTION

Learning Objectives, Chapter 21, Mobility

1. Describe the effects of aging on musculoskeletal function.

2. Describe the adjustments that may need to be made in exercise programs in late life.

3. List actions that could benefit an older adult who has impaired mobility.

4. Describe factors contributing to, symptoms of, and related nursing care for fractures, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoporosis, gout, and podiatric conditions.

ANSWER

Understanding Mobility and Musculoskeletal Health in Older Adults

Introduction

Chapter 21 explores the concept of mobility and its significance in the context of aging. As individuals grow older, their musculoskeletal function undergoes various changes, which can affect mobility and overall well-being. This essay aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of mobility in late life, discussing the effects of aging on musculoskeletal function, adjustments required in exercise programs, actions to benefit older adults with impaired mobility, and an overview of common musculoskeletal conditions in this population.

Effects of Aging on Musculoskeletal Function

Aging brings about several physiological changes in the musculoskeletal system, leading to a decline in overall function. These changes include a decrease in muscle mass and strength, reduced flexibility and joint mobility, changes in bone density and structure, and a decline in proprioception and balance (Frontera, 2017). These age-related changes contribute to increased vulnerability to musculoskeletal injuries and a decline in overall mobility.

Adjustments in Exercise Programs for Late Life

 Exercise plays a crucial role in maintaining and improving mobility in older adults. However, certain adjustments need to be made to exercise programs to accommodate the physiological changes associated with aging. These adjustments include incorporating exercises that focus on improving strength, balance, flexibility, and cardiovascular fitness. Additionally, exercises should be modified to consider the individual’s functional abilities, health conditions, and any mobility limitations. Regular monitoring and progression of exercise programs are essential to ensure safety and maximize benefits.

Actions to Benefit Older Adults with Impaired Mobility

 For older adults experiencing impaired mobility, several actions can help enhance their overall well-being and quality of life. These include:

 Assistive Devices: Providing appropriate assistive devices such as canes, walkers, or wheelchairs can improve mobility and independence.

 Physical Therapy: Engaging in physical therapy programs tailored to the individual’s specific needs can help improve strength, flexibility, and mobility.

 Fall Prevention Strategies: Implementing measures to prevent falls, such as removing hazards at home, improving lighting, and incorporating balance exercises, can significantly reduce the risk of injuries.

 Environmental Modifications: Modifying the living environment by installing handrails, grab bars, and ramps can facilitate safe movement and enhance mobility.

 Nutrition and Medication Management: Ensuring a balanced diet and appropriate management of medications can support musculoskeletal health and overall mobility.

Musculoskeletal Conditions in Older Adults

  Fractures: Fractures are common in older adults due to age-related changes in bone density (Migliorini et al., 2021). Prompt medical attention, immobilization, pain management, and rehabilitation are crucial aspects of nursing care for fractures in older adults.

 Osteoarthritis: Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease characterized by the breakdown of cartilage. Symptom management, pain relief, exercise programs, and education about joint protection strategies are important nursing care interventions.

Rheumatoid Arthritis: Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease that primarily affects the joints. Nursing care for rheumatoid arthritis includes medication management, pain control, joint protection techniques, and patient education on disease management.

 Osteoporosis: Osteoporosis is characterized by decreased bone density and an increased risk of fractures. Nursing care involves educating older adults about lifestyle modifications, promoting calcium and vitamin D intake, and ensuring appropriate medications and fall prevention strategies.

 Gout: Gout is a type of arthritis caused by the buildup of uric acid crystals in the joints. Nursing care for gout focuses on pain management, medication administration, lifestyle modifications, and patient education regarding dietary changes.

Podiatric Conditions: Common podiatric conditions in older adults include foot deformities, bunions, corns, and calluses (Aboud, 2023). Nursing care involves providing foot care education, recommending appropriate footwear, and managing symptoms through orthotics or pain relief measures.

Conclusion

Understanding the effects of aging on musculoskeletal function, making necessary adjustments in exercise programs, and implementing actions to benefit older adults with impaired mobility are essential for promoting healthy aging. Moreover, recognizing and addressing common musculoskeletal conditions in this population allows healthcare professionals to provide comprehensive nursing care that improves overall mobility, quality of life, and well-being in older adults.

References

Aboud, A. M. A. (2023, April 16). Corns. StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470374/ 

Frontera, W. R. (2017). Physiologic Changes of the Musculoskeletal System with Aging. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America, 28(4), 705–711. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmr.2017.06.004 

Migliorini, F., Giorgino, R., Hildebrand, F., Spiezia, F., Peretti, G. M., Alessandri-Bonetti, M., Eschweiler, J., & Maffulli, N. (2021). Fragility Fractures: Risk Factors and Management in the Elderly. Medicina, 57(10), 1119. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina57101119