NURSING-2201 In anatomy and physiology we covered theory for 4 organ systems in the human body.

QUESTION

In anatomy and physiology we covered theory for 4 organ systems in the human body. As a present and future clinician, there are many diseases you are exposed to. When patients present signs and symptoms it is often easy to remember the diagnosis. Why? When we are connected to patients, their conditions often impact us on an emotional level.

Select any two diseases or conditions you have been exposed to in your day environment as a nurses aid. Present the following with regards to the disease observed in you patients as two separate case studies.

Include in your essay format the following. Wrote as one cohesive essay. Do not answer each answer separately.

1. State sex of the patient
2. Approximate age
3. Disease or condition
4. Signs and symptoms presented in the patient. Define homeostasis and negative feedback- how has homeostasis been lost here.
5. State the origin of the condition based on the organ system involved – give the anatomical structures of the organ system
6. Discuss the physiology of the organ system the function of the system

ANSWER

Understanding Disease Impact on Homeostasis and Organ Systems

Introduction

As a nurses’ aid, exposure to various diseases and conditions is a common occurrence. Patients’ signs and symptoms often leave a lasting impact on us, as their conditions can affect us emotionally. In this essay, we will explore two case studies of diseases observed in patients, discussing the patient’s sex, approximate age, disease or condition, signs and symptoms presented, the loss of homeostasis, and the origin of the condition based on the involved organ system. Additionally, we will delve into the physiology of the organ system and its function in maintaining overall health.

Case Study 1

Patient: Female

Approximate Age: 65 years

Disease or Condition: Hypertension (High Blood Pressure)

Signs and Symptoms: The patient presents with persistent high blood pressure readings, ranging above 140/90 mmHg. Other symptoms may include headaches, dizziness, fatigue, and chest pain (High Blood Pressure (Hypertension) – Symptoms and Causes – Mayo Clinic, 2022).

Homeostasis and Negative Feedback: Homeostasis refers to the body’s ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite external fluctuations. In the case of hypertension, homeostasis is disrupted as the body struggles to regulate blood pressure within the normal range through negative feedback mechanisms. Negative feedback aims to counteract changes and restore balance. However, in hypertension, the negative feedback loop fails to adequately lower blood pressure, leading to a sustained elevation.

Origin of the Condition: Hypertension primarily affects the cardiovascular system, specifically the arteries. The condition often develops due to a combination of factors, including genetic predisposition, unhealthy lifestyle habits, and underlying medical conditions (High Blood Pressure (Hypertension) – Symptoms and Causes – Mayo Clinic, 2022). In hypertension, the arterial walls become stiff and narrow, leading to increased resistance to blood flow and higher blood pressure levels.

Physiology of the Cardiovascular System: The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. Its primary function is to transport oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products throughout the body. The heart pumps oxygenated blood from the lungs to the body’s tissues via arteries, while veins return deoxygenated blood to the heart. Arteries have a muscular and elastic structure that allows them to expand and contract to accommodate blood flow. In hypertension, the blood vessels lose their elasticity and become constricted, resulting in elevated blood pressure.

Case Study 2

Patient: Male

Approximate Age: 50 years

Disease or Condition: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Signs and Symptoms: The patient exhibits symptoms such as increased thirst (polydipsia), frequent urination (polyuria), unexplained weight loss, fatigue, and blurred vision. Additionally, elevated blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia) may be observed.

Homeostasis and Negative Feedback: Homeostasis in diabetes mellitus is disrupted due to the inability of the body to regulate blood glucose levels. Normally, negative feedback mechanisms help maintain blood glucose within a narrow range. In type 2 diabetes, the negative feedback loop fails as the body’s cells become resistant to insulin or insufficient insulin is produced, leading to chronically elevated blood glucose levels.

Origin of the Condition: Type 2 diabetes primarily affects the endocrine system, specifically the pancreas and insulin regulation. It develops due to a combination of genetic predisposition and lifestyle factors such as obesity, sedentary lifestyle, and poor dietary choices (Goyal, 2022). In this condition, the pancreas either produces inadequate amounts of insulin or the body’s cells become resistant to its effects, resulting in impaired glucose uptake.

Physiology of the Endocrine System: The endocrine system consists of various glands that secrete hormones to regulate bodily functions. The pancreas plays a crucial role in glucose metabolism. It produces insulin, a hormone that facilitates the uptake of glucose by cells for energy production. In type 2 diabetes, the pancreatic beta cells responsible for insulin production may become dysfunctional, leading to insufficient insulin secretion or decreased effectiveness of insulin on target cells. Consequently, glucose accumulates in the bloodstream, causing hyperglycemia.

Conclusion

Understanding the impact of diseases on homeostasis and the associated organ systems is essential for healthcare providers. Through the case studies of hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus, we have explored how these conditions disrupt homeostasis and affect the cardiovascular and endocrine systems, respectively. By recognizing the signs and symptoms, understanding the physiological alterations, and addressing the underlying causes, healthcare professionals can provide appropriate interventions and support to patients, ultimately improving their health outcomes.

References

Goyal, R. (2022, June 19). Diabetes Mellitus Type 2. StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513253/

High blood pressure (hypertension) – Symptoms and causes – Mayo Clinic. (2022, September 15). Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-pressure/symptoms-causes/syc-20373410

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