Annotated bibliography
Instructions for Part 2: In the tables below, replace the sample material with full APA citations and annotations for four sources, at least two of them academic. Your annotations should each be 100-150 words and accomplish the following:
1) Identify the central argument of the source. If the source is primarily informational, its argument might be implied rather than explicitly stated.
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2) Identify the main type of evidence used to support the argument.
3) Evaluate the quality of the argument by referencing types of reasoning (inductive, deductive, analogical), the use of concessions and qualifiers, and/or logical fallacies.
Do not plagiarize your annotations from article abstracts or from the source texts themselves.
YOU ALSO DO NOT HAVE TO USE THESE BOXES, THEY ARE JUST TO HELP YOU COMPARTMENTALIZE THE INFO/GIVE A BETTER DISSECTED EXAMPLE
| Source #1 |
| Duffee, D. E., Renauer, B. C., Scott, J. D., Chermak, S., McGarrell, E. (2004). Community building measures: How police and neighborhood groups can measure their collaboration. Law Enforcement Executive Forum: Community Policing. Macomb, IL: Illinois Law Enforcement Training and Standards Board Executive Institute. |
| Duffee et al. use inductive reasoning to argue that when police departments engage in community-building partnerships, they are able to prevent and respond to crimes more effectively. They identify five main community-building tasks and, for each task, provide examples of departments that have executed the tasks with positive crime-prevention outcomes. Because they only provide one or two examples for each type of community-building, Duffee et al. would be guilty of hasty generalizations except that they openly concede that much more data is necessary to determine the effectiveness of these strategies for law enforcement. An important part of their argument is that police departments across the nation should gather data on their own community-building efforts so that better research can be done to develop more effective practices. |
| Source #2 |
| Morris, R. (2000, May). National Night Out: Building police and community partnerships to prevent crime. Bulletin From the Field: Practitioner Perspectives. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Assistance. Retrieved from http://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/bja/180775.pdf. |
| This bulletin from the Bureau of Justice Assistance provides information about National Night Out events from five communities across the nation, including The Woodlands near Houston. National Night Out is an organization that coordinates events where community-members can get to know each other and their local police officers. The purpose of the bulletin is to demonstrate that, with an organized effort, it is possible for “citizens and police to forge partnerships that help protect communities” (p. 19). While the bulletin only provides five examples, these examples are further supported by references to more extensive research such as a study by the National Institute of Justice that concluded that neighborhoods with high levels “collective efficacy” have much lower crime rates than other neighborhoods. The only question this bulletin leaves unanswered, however, is whether this type of collective efficacy can be achieved in the nation’s most downtrodden neighborhoods. |
| Source #3 |
| Sun, I. Y. & Payne, B. K. (2004). Racial differences in resolving conflicts: A comparison between black and white police officers. Crime & Delinquency, 50 (4), 516-41. |
| Sun and Payne compare the policing strategies of black and white officers when they patrol various types of neighborhoods. Using inductive reasoning, they rely on detailed data from observations of over 2,000 instances in which officers in Indianapolis, Indiana and St. Petersburg, Florida interacted with citizens. They find that black officers, when patrolling predominantly black neighborhoods, are more likely to engage in supportive activities that help citizens resolve conflicts and solve problems without using force or making arrests. Sun and Payne concede that their research may not be conclusive since it is drawn from observations in only two cities, but they argue that it provides a starting point for developing policies to improve policing strategies in minority communities. |
| Source #4 |
| Pinkerton, J. (2010, March 15). Odds now 50-50 an HPD officer will be a minority. Houston Chronicle. Retrieved from http://www.chron.com. |
| Pinkerton reports on HPD’s success in improving its overall diversity since 1980, but he also points out that the department has a long way to go in diversifying its upper ranks. Pinkerton uses statistics to establish that HPD’s command structure lacks diversity, but he relies on statements from various authorities to argue that this lack of diversity actually decreases the effectiveness of the department. Pinkerton quotes authorities like criminal justice scholar Larry Hoover, Hispanic activist Maria Jimenez, and Houston mayor Annise Parker who argue that diversity throughout the police ranks is important for securing the trust of the citizenry. None of these authorities provide any hard evidence to support their claims, but their positions in society make their viewpoints important to consider. |
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