Studyguide

answer all the questions.

PART I: INTRODUCTION

Reading: Chapter 1

WHY IS THIS INFORMATION IMPORTANT FOR YOU TO KNOW?: The microbial world is vast and ubiquitous. Microbes account for most of the diversity of life on our planet. There are more kinds of microbes than plants, vertebrates, and insects combined. We have only identified less than 1% of all the microbes on Earth. And as we proceed in this course you will discover that microbes are absolutely vital to life on Earth. In this unit you will learn about the different groups of microbes and their contributions to life on Earth as well as some disease causing microbes that you will no doubt encounter in your medical career. I hope you enjoy the beginning of our journey learning about microbiology.

OBJECTIVES:

1)Define microbiology; differentiate between an organism and agent.

2)Be able to state the names of the groups of organisms that are studied in microbiology and the name of the field of study for each.

3)Be able to discuss three reasons why microorganisms are important.

4)Be able to state who first discovered the microbial world.

5)Be able to state who coined the term “cell”.

6)Be able to explain what spontaneous generation is and what Francisco Redi did to try and disprove it.

7)Be able to discuss what Louis Pasteur did that led to the acceptance of biogenesis. (Be able to define biogenesis.)

8)Be able to explain what the scientific method is and the basic steps of the scientific method.

9)Be able to define etiology.

10)Be able to explain what the germ theory of disease isand the two scientists who developed it.

11)Be able to write out Koch’s Postulates.

12)Be able to state at least three contributions of Koch and his lab.

13)Be able to discuss why Koch’s Postulates might not always work.

14)Be able to discuss the contributions of Louis Pasteur to microbiology.

15)Be able to describe Pasteur’s experiment with the swan-neck flasks and what it showed.

16)Be able to write down the contributions of the following scientists: Jenner, Lister, Semmelweis, Redi, Erlich, and Nightengale.

17)Be able to write who you think is the “real” Father of Microbiology and why you think so.

TERMS TO DEFINE: You might consider making some study cards (flash cards) to help you remember these terms. You will also see these terms in the study questions.

microbiology

phycology

mycology

theory

spontaneous generation

abiogenesis/biogenesis

aseptic techniques

germ theory of disease

scientific method

unicellular

multicellular

etiology

chemotherapy

Healthcare associated infections

epidemiology

intracellular

extracellular

acellular

asepsis

pasteurization

fermentation

antisepsis

STUDY QUESTIONS:

Most of the answers to the questions in the introduction and history parts of this study sheet will be found in your textbook in Chapter 1.

INTRODUCTION TO MICROBIOLOGY:

1.Define microbiology. You will find the definition in your power point.

Do you think, considering the groups of organisms we study, that this definition perfectly reflects what we study?

2.In this definition you will find the terms “organism” and “agent”. What is the difference and what microbes would we consider organisms and which ones are considered to be agents?

3.Why might the definition of microbiology not really be entirely correct?

4.Also microbes are ubiquitous. We cover this in lab, but it is important to remember this as we begin our journey in the study of the microbial world. So what does it mean when we say microbes are ubiquitous?

5.What are three reasons that microbiology is considered an important field of study?

SOME HISTORY:

1.Using the terms “abiogenesis” and “biogenesis” what is the concept of spontaneous generation?

2.Explain what Francisco Redi did to try and disprove spontaneous generation. Don’t just make a drawing, but actually explain what he did and how it showed that spontaneous generation does not occur. (Quiz/Exam question)

 

3.What is the scientific method?

4.What are the basic steps of the scientific method?

5.How did Francisco Redi “follow” the scientific method?

6.What is a hypothesis? theory?

 

7.Who was most influential in debunking the idea of spontaneous generation and how did he do it?

8.Who first discovered the microbial world? He’s the guy who studied what he called “wee beasties” or “animacules”.

Why did he set microbiology back about 100 years? Did you take notes in class? I discussed this in class.

9.Who was Robert Hooke? What was his contribution to biology?

10.What is aseptic technique and what English surgeon is known for applying aseptic technique during surgery?

11.What is the germ theory of disease and who came up with the postulates to show the etiology of a disease?

12.Write down Koch’s postulates.

13.Define etiology.

14.Under what circumstances may Koch’s Postulates not work? read pgs. 424-426.

15.List at least three contributions of Koch and his lab.

16. So who do you think deserves the title “Father of Microbiology” and why?

17.What were the contributions of the following people?: Semmelweis, Nightengale, Snow, Jenner, and Ehrlich.

PART II – PROKARYOTES

Reading: Ch. 1, Ch. 11, Escherichia coli – pgs. 595-596, 598-599, Tuberculosis, pgs. 573-578, Bordetella pertussis, pgs. 606-608.

OBJECTIVES:

1)Be able to define prokaryote.

2)Be able to state a unique feature of most Archaea.

3)Be able to list the microbes that are prokaryotes.

4)Be able to state the roles that cyanobacteria play in the world.

5)Be able to explain the steps of the nitrogen cycle and exactly what happens in each step.

6)Be able to state why nitrogen fixation is important to life on earth.

7)Be able to list at least two major groups of nitrogen containing biological molecules.

8)Be able to discuss the importance of leghemoglobin to nitrogenase.

9)Be able to list at least three plants that are legumes.

10)Given a statement, be able to recognize whether the statement is describing an extremophile and what category is being described (halophile, alkalinophile, acidophile, or thermophile)

11)Be able to state which groups of microbes are unicellular and which ones are multicellular.

12)Be able to state three characteristics of bacteria.

13)Given a picture of bacteria, be able to state the correct shape of the bacterium.

14)Be able to define emerging and reemerging infectious disease.

15)Be to state the three cardinal temperature and given a graph determine whether the graph is depicting a psychrophile, thermophile, ormesophile.

16)Be able to discuss the pathogenesis, etiology, symptoms, and epidemiology of the diseases caused by Escherichia coli.

17)Be able to discuss the pathogenesis, etiology, symptoms, and epidemiology of pertussis and tuberculosis.

TERMS TO DEFINE:

peptidoglycan

unicellular

multicellular

acellular

intracellular

extracellular

binary fission

cyanobacteria

nitrogen fixation

photosynthesis

prokaryote

halohile

thermophile

acidophile

alkalinophile

mesophile

psychophile

cardinal temperatures

extremophile

archaea

pathogenic

 

CELLULAR ORGANIZATION:

1.What is the major difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

2.Would a prokaryote have ribosomes? Mitochondria? Lysosomes?

3.Why are mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, chloroplasts considered to be organelles?

4.What are the major biological groups of organisms studied in microbiology?

5.Which groups are prokaryotes?

6.Which groups are eukaryotes?

7.List three differences between unicellular and multicellular.

8.Are prokaryotes unicellular or multicellular or both?

9.Which eukaryotes are unicellular?

PROKARYOTES: BACTERIA AND ARCHAEA

1.Go to your power point and find the frame on the characteristics of bacteria. What are some characteristics listed there?Write them down.

I would be able to recognize what peptidoglycan is and that bacteriareproduce by binary fission. Also note that the majority do not cause disease.

Characteristics of bacteria to know: (list them if you haven’t already)Quiz/Exam question

2.Bacteria have cell walls composed of a carbohydrate and protein complex called ____________________________.

3.Bacteria reproduce by what method?

4.Bacteria have specific shape, most commonly bacillus, coccus, and spiral.

a.true

b.false

5What is the name of the bacteria that carry out photosynthesis?

6.And so what is photosynthesis, anoxygenic and oxygenic photosynthesis?

THE NITROGEN CYCLE: Some notes for you as we review the cycle.

IMPORTANCE OF THE NITROGEN CYCLE:

1) Helps in converting inert nitrogen gas into a usable form for the plants through the biochemical processes.

2) In the process of ammonification, the bacteria and fungi help in decomposing the animal and plant matter, which indirectly helps clean up the environment.

3) Nitrates and nitrites are released into the soil, which helps in enriching the soil with necessary nutrients required for cultivation.

4) Nitrogen is an integral component of the cell, and it forms many crucial compounds and important biomolecules.

Now some CONCLUSIONS about the nitrogen cycle:

➢ Nitrogen is abundant in the atmosphere, but it is unusable to plants or animals unless it is converted into nitrogen compounds.

➢ Nitrogen-fixing bacteria play a crucial role in fixing the atmospheric nitrogen into nitrogen compounds that can be used by the plants.

➢ The plants absorb the usable nitrogen compounds from the soil through their roots. Then, these nitrogen compounds are used for the production of proteins and other compounds in the cell.

➢ Animals assimilate nitrogen by consuming these plants or other animals that contain nitrogen. Humans consume proteins from these plants and animals, and then, the nitrogen assimilates into our system.

➢ During the final stages of the nitrogen cycle, bacteria and fungi help decompose organic matter, where the nitrogenous compounds get dissolved into the soil which is again used by the plants.

➢ Some bacteria then convert these nitrogenous compounds in the soil and turn it into nitrogen gas. Eventually it goes back to the atmosphere.

➢ These set of processes repeat continuously and thus maintain the percentage of nitrogen in the atmosphere.

➢ AND THE WHOLE CYCLE DEPENDS ON BACTERIA AND FUNGI. WITHOUT THEM LIFE WOULD NOT BE POSSIBLE.

Using the article in Canvas on the Nitrogen cycle and the power point, answer the following questions:

7.Without microbes, biogeochemical cycles would come to a halt.

What are biogeochemical cycles?

8.List 4 biogeochemical cycles.

9.So exactly why are these cycles so important to life on earth? Ask me if you aren’t sure.

10.What percent of the atmosphere contains nitrogen?

11.Most plants and animals can take up atmospheric nitrogen in order to make vital nitrogen containing compounds. T or F

12.List three organic nitrogen containing compounds that living things are made of.

13.The nitrogen cycle has four major components or steps including:

___________________________, ________________________, _________________________, and __________________________.

14.Now explain what happens in each of the 4 steps.

15.Explain the role of bacteria in the root nodules of legumes.

16.Name 3 common legumes.

17.Name a desert tree that is a legume.

18.What is nitrogenase, what does it do, and why is it important?

What is a heterocyst and what group of organisms has heterocysts?

19.What is the role of leghemoglobin with respect to nitrogenase?

 

The next group of prokaryotes we will look at are the Archaea.

20.Many Archaea are lovers of extreme environments. So

they are called __________________________________.

21.Some extremophiles love their homes to have a pH of 5 or less. So they would be considered to be _______________________.

22.Other extremophiles like it pretty salty, like the Great Salt Lake or the Dead Sea. So they are called _______________________.

23.And if you were an extremophile that lived in a soda lake with a high pH you would be considered to be a ____________________________.

Just a note about temperature and microbial cells. They are unable to control their own temperature and therefore take on the ambient temperature of their natural habitats. So they must adapt to whatever temperature variations are encountered in their habitat. The range of temperatures for growth of a given microbial species can be expressed as three cardinal temperatures. Go to pgs. 166-167.

Why is temperature critical to the three dimensional structure of biological molecules?

List each of the cardinal temperatures and define them. Ask me if you don’t know what I’m talking about here.

On the graph below circle the mesophile and the psychrophile ecological groups by temperature range. Be sure to label the graph. Go to pg. 167 in your text book.

24.What is a mesophile?

25.Most human pathogens are mesophiles. T or F

Back to the extremophiles:

26.As extremophiles, they may be cold lovers. So they are called _____________________________.

27.Let’s say you lived in one of the hot springs in Yellowstone National Park in Wyoming, what type of extremophile would you be?

28.Now how about the word “prokaryote”. Define it. Answer is found in the power point. Can you find it? You will need to be able to define prokaryote using a complete sentence on nearly every test you have this semester, so I would try to practice this.

29.What groups of microbes are considered to be prokaryotes? (Am I being redundant?)

30.Are cyanobacteria prokaryotes?

31.How about the Archaea? Are they prokaryotes?

One thing to keep in mind is that many of the Archaea are extremophiles, as already stated. But not all extremophiles are Archaea or prokaryotes. For example, the tiny brine shrimp that live in Mono Lake in California are eukaryotes.

32.What is emerging infectious disease? Examples?

33.What is reemerging infectious disease? Examples?

34.Be sure you have looked up about Escherichia coli in your textbook and written notes in you lecture notes. Also you should have notes on tuberculosis and whooping cough.As a health professional, you will certainly see these diseases.

PART III – THE EUKARYOTES

Reading:

• Ch.1 – pgs. 4-7

• Ch. 12

• Malaria – pgs. 688-689

• Giardiasis – pgs. 684-685

• Candidiasis – pgs. 660-661

• Coccidiomycosis – pgs. 647, 669, 654-656

• Measles – pgs. 758-759

1)Given a few characteristics of an organism, be able to recognize whether the organism described is an alga, bacterium, archaea, protozoan, fungus, helminth, or virus.

2)Be able to define eukaryote and recognize the groups microbes that have this type of cell structure.

3)Given a short description, be able to recall the groups of algae and protozoans discussed in the book and power point.

4)Be able to state the major contribution to life on earth that fungi provide.

5)Be able to list the contributions of algae to life on earth.

6) Be able to recognize the major groups of helminths given the name of a helminth discussed in class or a few characteristics presented to you.

7)Be able to associate a disease causing protozoan or helminth with the characteristics of the disease.

8)Be able to define trophozoite and cyst.

9)Be able to discuss why cysts are important in the spread of disease.

TERMS TO DEFINE: You might consider making some study cards (flash cards) to help you remember these terms. You will also see these terms in the study questions.

microbiology

plankton

zooplankton

phytoplankton

eukaryote

phycology

mycology

phycoerythrin

trophozoite

cyst

photosynthesis

dinoflagellates

foraminiferans

parasites

red tide

neurotoxin

heterotroph

saprobes

chitin

yeast

budding

hyphae

mycelium

mycoses

viruses

monecious

diecious

frustule

ubiquitous

pathogen

EUKARYOTES: PROTOZOANS

1.List some characteristics discussed in your power point and textbook for the protozoans.

2.The field of study of protozoans is known as __________________________.

3.Traditionally, how have protozoans be classified or grouped?

4.So protozoans are put into groups based on their mode of ______________, such as pseudopodia, ____________________, or ___________________________.

5.What is the name of the group of protozoans that does not have amethod of locomotion?

6.How are protozoans grouped today? For testing purposes you should go with the classification by mode of ________________________.

7.What is a trophozoite? Definition is in your power point.

8.What are cysts and what is the medical significance of cysts? Pg. 359

9.How does one get giardiasis or “beaver fever”? pgs. 684-685.

10.Explain the role of the cysts in the transmission of “beaver fever”.

11.How can you avoid getting “beaver fever”?

12.What is the full name of the organism that causes giardiasis?

13.What are the symptoms of giardiasis?

14.Next we meet the dinoflagellates. They are now considered to be protozoans. The power point tells you why. They are very cool because they are bioluminescent. Be sure you read pgs. 362-363

15.Protozoan blooms of certain dinoflagellates cause the water to turn red.

Such phenomena are called _________________________.

One bad thing about this is that toxins called ______________________ can accumulate in mussels, oysters, clams, and scallops and cause a food poisoning called ___________________________________.

I would remember that dinoflagellates cause this food poisoning or also known as an intoxication – due to the fact that it is caused by a toxin.

16.What is plankton? What are zooplankton?

17.Another beautiful group of protozoans are the _________________. They have shells of calcium carbonate. What is their method of locomotion? You can read about these guy on pgs. 363-364.

18.Accumulations of fossilized foramaniferans can be found in the south of England as the ________________________.

19.What about the great pyramids of Giza in Egypt? What are the blocks made of?

Malaria is a very serious disease caused by a protozoan. You can read about it on pgs. 686-689.

20.What genus of protozoan causes malaria? Yes, you need to remember that.

21.Which species causes the worst form of malaria?

22.There of 60 different species of _________________ that act as the vector for malaria. What’s a vector?

And just a note – Malaria is one of the deadliest killers in the world, especially children. Though we don’t see this disease in the U.S. it was endemic in this country in the past. I talk about this in lecture.

23.What are the general symptoms of malaria?

24.Why do you think it has been difficult to come up with a vaccine for malaria?

25.What are some ways of preventing malaria?

26.What is the relationship between sickle cell anemia and malaria?

EUKARYOTES: FUNGI

1.The study of fungi is called ___________________.

2.What is the major contribution of fungi to life on earth?

4.One interesting characteristic is that they have strong, nitrogenous polysaccharide cell walls called ____________________. This is the same material that is found in insect’s exoskeleton.

5.What is the scientific name of the first eukaryote to have its entire genome sequenced? (Test question) It’s a fungus, specifically a yeast.

6.Single celled fungi are known as ______________________. They reproduce asexually by __________________________.

7.Good and bad fungi – list at least two problems caused by fungi. Now list at least two benefits of fungi. pg. 365

8.Fungi acquire nutrients by ________________, that is, they secrete extracellular enzymes to break down large organic molecules into smaller molecules. pg. 366

9.Most fungi are __________, that is, they absorb nutrients from dead organisms.

10.Fungi that derive their nutrients from living plants and animals usually have modified hyphae called ______________.

11.Multicellular fungi such a molds form visible masses called _______________________ which are composed

of long filaments called _______________________ that branch and intertwine.

12.Some of the hyphae are septate, others are non-septate. Explain the difference.

13.Do hyphae have the usual eukaryotic organelles?

14.What does the term “dimorphic” mean?

Give an example of a fungus that is dimorphic?

15.What are haustoria? What’s their purpose?

16.What’s the difference between asexual and sexual spores?

17.What’s the difference between the asexual spores, sporangiospores and <