Neisseria gonorrhoeae Briefly describe the role of the resident microbiota of the human body. Give at least two areas of the body colonized by different types of microorganisms. Include the name of the microorganisms. (do not use Neisseria gonorrhoeae in this example) For Neisseria gonorrhoeae, briefly describe the pathogen’s invasion process including the portals of entry, attachment, and way of establishment, virulence factors, and portal of exit. Describe the stages of clinical infection, patterns of infection, and signs and symptoms of infection related to Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Explain the difference between infection and disease. List the major types of physical methods of microbial control. Describe the mode of action of at least two physical methods of control.

QUESTION

Please write question topics in bold type, then the answer under it. Answers do not need to be super indepth, but need to be understandable.This is an intro Microbiology class.

Some questions are Neisseria gonorrhoeae specific.Questions without Neisseria gonorrhoeae are general microorganism questions and Neisseria gonorrhoeae should not be used in the answer.

Single spaced please.APA in text citations when needed.Webpages of references are needed.

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

• Briefly describe the role of the resident microbiota of the human body.
• Give at least two areas of the body colonized by different types of microorganisms. Include the name of the microorganisms. (do not use Neisseria gonorrhoeae in this example)
• For Neisseria gonorrhoeae, briefly describe the pathogen’s invasion process including the portals of entry, attachment, and way of establishment, virulence factors, and portal of exit.
• Describe the stages of clinical infection, patterns of infection, and signs and symptoms of infection related to Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
• Explain the difference between infection and disease.
• List the major types of physical methods of microbial control.
• Describe the mode of action of at least two physical methods of control.
• Identify one physical method used to control Neisseria gonorrhoeae and describe the mode of action.
• List the major categories of chemical methods of microbial control.
• Identify at least two categories chemical agents of control that may be used to control Neisseria gonorrhoeae; indicate the correct use, effectiveness, and possible toxicity of the agent to humans.
• Discuss the main characteristics of the ideal antimicrobial drug.
• Discuss the major modes of action of antimicrobial agents in controlling microbial growth and give examples of antimicrobials for the 5 modes of action; inhibition of cell wall synthesis, breakdown of the cell membrane structure or function, interference with the functions of DNA or RNA, inhibition of protein synthesisblockage of key metabolic pathways,
• Identify one antibacterial drug used to treat the disease caused Neisseria gonorrhoeae
• . Describe the mechanism of action of such antibacterial drug and the spectrum of effectiveness.
• Explain how the appropriate antimicrobials are chosen for specific diseases including the Kirby-Bauer and MIC tests.
• Identify a test, if any, used to identify the antimicrobial drugs used for Neisseria gonorrhoeae

• ANSWER

• **Briefly describe the role of the resident microbiota of the human body.**

  The resident microbiota refers to the diverse community of microorganisms that reside on and within the human body. These microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, viruses, and other microbes, play a crucial role in maintaining the overall health and functioning of the human body. They have a symbiotic relationship with the human host, providing important benefits while coexisting harmlessly.

  The resident microbiota helps in various ways

  **Protection against pathogens**

  The presence of beneficial microorganisms helps to prevent colonization by potential harmful pathogens. They compete with pathogens for resources and space, making it difficult for pathogens to establish themselves and cause infection (Ridley et al., 2012).

  **Nutrient metabolism**

  The resident microbiota aids in the digestion and absorption of nutrients, such as carbohydrates and fiber, that the human body cannot digest on its own. They break down complex molecules into simpler forms that can be utilized by the host.

  **Development of the immune system**

  The microbiota plays a crucial role in the development and maturation of the immune system. It helps educate and train the immune cells, ensuring they respond appropriately to harmful pathogens while maintaining tolerance to harmless substances (Blalock & Smith, 2007).

  **Synthesis of essential compounds**

  Certain microorganisms within the microbiota can produce vitamins (e.g., vitamin K, biotin) and other important compounds that the human body cannot synthesize. These synthesized compounds contribute to overall health.

   **Maintenance of homeostasis**

  The microbiota helps in maintaining the balance and stability of various physiological processes within the human body. It interacts with the host’s cells and tissues, influencing gene expression and contributing to overall well-being.

  Overall, the resident microbiota of the human body plays a vital role in various aspects of human health, including protection against pathogens, nutrient metabolism, immune system development, synthesis of essential compounds, and maintenance of homeostasis.

  **Skin**

  The skin is colonized by a diverse array of microorganisms, forming the skin microbiota. These microorganisms include bacteria such as Staphylococcus epidermidis, Propionibacterium acnes, and Corynebacterium species. They help protect the skin from pathogens, contribute to the maintenance of skin pH, and play a role in various skin disorders.

   **Intestine**

   The human intestine harbors a complex ecosystem of microorganisms known as the gut microbiota. It consists of bacteria (e.g., Bacteroides, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria) and other microorganisms. The gut microbiota contributes to digestion, synthesis of vitamins, regulation of the immune system, and protection against pathogens.

  References

  Blalock, J. E., & Smith, E. E. (2007). Conceptual development of the immune system as a sixth sense. Brain Behavior and Immunity, 21(1), 23–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2006.09.004 

  National Human Genome Research Institute. (n.d.). The Human Microbiome Project. Retrieved from https://www.genome.gov/27549400/the-human-microbiome-project-extending-the-definition-of-what-constitutes-a-human 

  Ridley, E. J., Wong, A. C. N., Westmiller, S., & Douglas, A. E. (2012). Impact of the Resident Microbiota on the Nutritional Phenotype of Drosophila melanogaster. PLOS ONE, 7(5), e36765. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0036765